A fern is a member of a group of about 10,560 known extant species of vascular plants that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. They differ from mosses by being vascular (i.e. having water-conducting vessels). They have branched stems and leaves, like other vascular plants. These are megaphylls, more complex than the simple microphylls of clubmosses. Most ferns have what are called fiddleheads that expand into fronds, which are each delicately divided. Leptosporangiate ferns (sometimes called true ferns) are by far the largest group, but ferns as defined here (ferns sensu lato) include horsetails, whisk ferns, marattioid ferns, and ophioglossoid ferns. This group may be referred to as monilophytes. The term pteridophyte traditionally refers to ferns plus a few other seedless vascular plants (see the classification section below), although some recent authors have used the term to refer strictly to the monilophytes. Ferns first appear in the fossil record 360 million years ago in the late Devonian period but many of the current families and species did not appear until roughly 145 million years ago in the early Cretaceous, after flowering plants came to dominate many environments. The fern Osmunda claytoniana is a paramount example of evolutionary stasis. Paleontological evidence indicates it has remained unchanged, even at the level of fossilized nuclei and chromosomes, for at least 180 million years. Ferns are not of major economic importance, but some are grown or gathered for food, as ornamental plants, for remediating contaminated soils, and have been the subject of research for their ability to remove some chemical pollutants from the air. Some are significant weeds. They also play a role in mythology, medicine, and art.
Parts of the frond Adianthum aleuticum.
Adiantum aleuticum is native mainly to western N..
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Parts of the frond Adianthum pedatum 'Imbricatum'.
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Parts of the frond Adianthum pedatum var. asiatic.
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Parts of the frond Adiantum aleuticum var. subpumilum.
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Parts of the frond Adiantum pedatum var. minima.
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Parts of the frond Aleuritopteris argentea.
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Parts of the frond Asplenium altajense.
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Parts of the frond Asplenium incisum.
In Russia, it is found only in the Far East: in Ka..
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Parts of the frond Asplenium ruta-muraria.
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Parts of the frond Asplenium scolopendrium.
Asplenium scolopendrium or Deer tongue is a ..
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Parts of the frond Asplenium scolopendrium 'Angustifolia'.
Asplenium scolopendrium 'Angustifo..
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Parts of the frond Asplenium scolopendrium 'Cristatum'.
Asplenium scolopendrium 'Cristatum' i..
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Parts of the frond Asplenium scolopendrium 'Undulatum'.
Asplenium scolopendrium 'Undulatum' i..
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Parts of the frond Asplenium scolopendrium ‘Furcata’.
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Parts of the frond Asplenium septentrionale.
In Russia, it is found in the Altai Territo..
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Parts of the frond Asplenium trichomanes.
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Parts of the frond Asplenium trichomanes ssp. quadrivalens.
Asplenium trichomanes ssp. quadri..
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Parts of the frond Asplenium viride.
Asplenium viride is a holarctic mountain species. I..
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Parts of the frond Asplenium x ebenoides.
Asplenium × ebenoides is endemic to eastern North ..
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Parts of the frond Athyrium filix-femina 'Dre's Dagger'.
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Parts of the frond Athyrium niponicum var. pictum.
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Parts of the frond Athyrium niponicum var. pictum 'Red Beauty'.
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Parts of the frond Athyrium otophorum var. okanum.
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Parts of the frond Athyrium vidalii.
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Parts of the frond Athyrium yokoscense.
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Parts of the frond Blechnum nipponicum.
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Parts of the frond Blechnum penna-marina ssp. alpina.
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Parts of the frond Ceterach officinarum.
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Parts of the frond Cryptogramma crispa.
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Parts of the frond Cyrtomium fortunei.
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Parts of the frond Dryopteris championii.
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Parts of the frond Cystopteris bulbifera.
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Parts of the frond Cystopteris fragilis.
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Parts of the frond Deparia japonica.
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Parts of the frond Diplazium sibiricum.
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Parts of the frond Dryopteris affinis 'Cristata The King'.
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Parts of the frond Dryopteris atrata.
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Parts of the frond Dryopteris australis.
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Parts of the frond Dryopteris austriaca ‘Crispa Whiteside’.
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Parts of the frond Dryopteris carthusiana.
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Parts of the frond Dryopteris championii.
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Parts of the frond Dryopteris crassirhizoma.
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Parts of the frond Dryopteris dilatata 'Grandiceps'.
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Parts of the frond Dryopteris dilatata 'Lepidota Cristata'.
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Parts of the frond Dryopteris erythrosora.
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Parts of the frond Dryopteris erythrosora var. prolifica 'Minima'.
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Parts of the frond Dryopteris filix-mas.
The time of collection or delivery - ..
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Parts of the frond Dryopteris filix-mas var. cristata.
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Parts of the frond Dryopteris fragrans.
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Parts of the frond Dryopteris goldiana.
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Parts of the frond Dryopteris lepidopoda.
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Parts of the frond Dryopteris remota.
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Parts of the frond Dryopteris sichotensis ssp. coreano-montana.
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Parts of the frond Dryopteris tokyoensis.
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Parts of the frond Lunathyrium pycnosorum.
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Parts of the frond Matteuccia orientalis.
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Parts of the frond Matteuccia struthiopteris.
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Parts of the frond Phegopteris connectilis.
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Parts of the frond Phyllitis japonicum.
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Parts of the frond Polypodium glycyrrhiza.
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Parts of the frond Polypodium sibiricum.
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Parts of the frond Polypodium vulgare.
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Parts of the frond Polypodium × mantoniae 'Cornubiense'.
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Parts of the frond Polystichum aculeatum.
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Parts of the frond Polystichum braunii.
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Parts of the frond Polystichum rigens.
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Parts of the frond Polystichum setiferum 'Plumoso densum'.
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Parts of the frond Polystichum tripteron.
The time of collection or delivery - ..
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Parts of the frond Thelypteris kunthii.
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Parts of the frond Woodsia calcarea.
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Parts of the frond Woodsia fragilis.
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Parts of the frond Woodsia glabella.
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Parts of the frond Woodsia ilvensis.
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Parts of the frond Woodsia obtusa.
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Parts of the frond Woodsia polystichoides.
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Parts of the frond Woodsia subcordata.
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